<> Figure 1 illustrates a conceptual design of (Garcia 2015, p.99 et seq.) Assuming that there are only these reactions and that they are complete, 4 molecules of H2 are created at the same time as 1 of CO2. Commercial hydrogen producers and petroleum refineries use steam-methane reforming to separate hydrogen atoms from carbon atoms in methane (CH4). Here for You! Optimal SMR reactor operating conditions lie within a temperature range of 800C to 900C at medium pressures of 20-30 bar. Steam reforming or steam methane reforming (SMR) is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Landfill gas/biogas, which may be called biomethane or renewable natural gas, is a source of hydrogen for several fuel cell power plants in the United States. Fossil fuel reforming does not eliminate carbon dioxide release into the atmosphere but reduces the carbon dioxide emissions and nearly eliminates carbon monoxide emissions as compared to the burning of conventional fuels due to increased efficiency and fuel cell characteristics. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Copyright 2010-2018 Difference Between. Crude oil, gasoline, heating oil, diesel, propane, and other liquids including biofuels and natural gas liquids. Steam reforming (SR), sometimes referred to as steam methane reforming (SMR) uses an external source of hot gas to heat tubes in which a catalytic reaction takes place that converts steam and lighter hydrocarbons such as methane, biogas or refinery feedstock into hydrogen and carbon monoxide (syngas). This includes cookies that are necessary for the operation of the site, as well as cookies that are only used for anonymous statistical purposes. The reaction takes place in a single chamber where the methane is partially oxidized. We all are aware of the . Steam reacts with natural gas, producing hydrogen and carbon monoxide. 2 Literature Review Extensive usage of fossil fuel results in the increased amount of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants, this . Figure 01: Hydrogen Production via Steam Reforming Method. (2015), Introduction to hydrogen production, in Compendium of hydrogen energy, Vol. POX produces less hydrogen per unit of the input fuel than steam reforming of the same fuel.[21]. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Natural gas is the main methane source for hydrogen production by industrial facilities and petroleum refineries. skipton circular canal walk . (Navarro et al. O 6 0 obj 3 Steam reforming is the most commonly used process for hydrogen production. 41 The latter has a molar mass of 44g, 2g for dihydrogen. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 19 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 1 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 2/TrimBox[ 0 0 595.276 841.89]>> H (Navarro et al. Methanol can also be considered an energy carrier as an alternative to liquefied natural gas. Tri-reforming of methane (TRM) is nowadays of great interest, because it combines the steam and dry reforming and partial oxidation of methane (CH 4 + O 2 + CO 2 + H 2 O) processes; however, it holds the main advantages and disadvantages of all processes, to some extent . Definition: Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a chemical reaction consisting in extracting dihydrogen from methane using steam at high temperature (700-1000C) at moderate pressures (15-30 bar). The name-giving reaction is the steam reforming (SR) reaction and is expressed by the equation: [ advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reformingis york university uk hard to get into? However, comparing the use of biogas and biomass with that of natural gas, there are several disadvantages compared to the fossil fuel. ), The use of microreactors (= what have been called units), which would make it possible to intensify the process, better manage heat losses and, by creating smaller installations, a decentralized production of hydrogen. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. 7, EFOY fuel cells are based on direct methanol fuel cell technology. 15 0 obj E` qiS Majority of the worlds hydrogen gas is produced through steam reforming of natural gas. Microsoft Word - _HP.4a_Naterer.doc The result would be a stream of 99.99% pure H2. 3 0 obj Monthly and yearly energy forecasts, analysis of energy topics, financial analysis, congressional reports. We can denote the term autothermal reforming as ATR. m Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions at the State Level, through 2018, Monthly Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production, Annual Solar Photovoltaic Module Shipments Report, Midwest and Rocky Mountain Transportation Fuels Markets, East Coast and Gulf Coast Transportation Fuels Markets. 24.5 O H Satish Reddy, Sunil Vyas, Recovery of Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen from PSA Tail Gas, Energy Procedia, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 149-154, ISSN 1876-6102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2009.01.022. endobj h{ |EI $`&LpS9@$ Tt]D \$ d( Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms. Overview and Key Difference C Hydrogen production: Steam Methane Reforming (SMR), Hydrogen production: Electrolysis, Gasification , dry steam reforming, using CO2 instead of steam: CH4 + CO2 = 2CO + 2H2 (enthalpy 247.3 kJ/mol), The decomposition of methane: CH4 = C + 2H2 (enthalpy 74.9 kJ/Mol), The Boudouard reaction, 2CO = C + CO2 (enthalpy 172.5 kJ/Mol). [25] Small-scale steam reforming units to supply fuel cells are currently the subject of research and development, typically involving the reforming of methanol, but other fuels are also being considered such as propane, gasoline, autogas, diesel fuel, and ethanol.[26][27]. To occur in the right direction (production of H2), the reaction requires an energy of +206kJ/mol. H The outlet temperature of the syngas is between 9501100C and outlet pressure can be as high as 100 bar. SMR (steam methane reforming) method is considered to be the most efficient and feasible procedure. To obtain pure hydrogen at the end, pressure swing adsorption systems or caustic absorption gas scrubbers are used. An additional advantage of methanol is that it is easier to activate at low temperatures than other hydrocarbons. Let us recall the initial reactions (CH4+H2O = CO+3H2), then the catalytic conversion (CO+H2O = CO2+H2). + 2 0 obj (Navarro et al. The hydrogen gas produced through this reformer is named grey hydrogen when all the carbon dioxide gets released into the atmosphere. Forms EIA uses to collect energy data including descriptions, links to survey instructions, and additional information. [12], The United States produces 910 million tons of hydrogen per year, mostly with steam reforming of natural gas. Summary. 3 0 obj (Garcia 2015, p.92) The flue gas is composed of CO2 and a fraction of hydrogen not capted by the device. Thus, the hydrogen fuel cell achieves an efficiency of about 60 percent. It is often supported by a catalyst or the required heat is generated by the combustion of the fuel. [3], Steam reforming of natural gas produces most of the world's hydrogen. C [23], Reforming for combustion engines is based on steam reforming, where non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) of low quality gases are converted to synthesis gas (H2 + CO) and finally to methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) - thereby improving the fuel gas quality (methane number). {\displaystyle [4]\qquad \mathrm {CH} _{4}+0.5\,\mathrm {O} _{2}\rightleftharpoons \mathrm {CO} +2\,\mathrm {H} _{2}\qquad \Delta H_{R}=-24.5\ \mathrm {kJ/mol} }, The main difference between SMR and ATR is that SMR only uses air for combustion as a heat source to create steam, while ATR uses purified oxygen. Steam reforming is applied in large-scale industrial contexts to produce hydrogen for example, for use in petroleum refineries. japan drier vs enamel hardener; is monto still with his girlfriend; grand hustle records address; myths that persist in our society; errant golf ball damage law florida <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 17 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> Definition: Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a chemical reaction consisting in extracting dihydrogen from methane using steam at high temperature (700-1000C) at moderate pressures (15-30 bar). However, analyses have shown that even though it is more costly to construct, a well-designed SMR can produce hydrogen more cost-effectively than an ATR. 5 0 obj 2 The oxygen contained in the steam causes oxidation of the fuel, resulting in hydrogen (H2). Researchers are exploring other hydrogen production methods or pathways. The steam reforming efficiency is correspondingly high at 60 to 70 percent. m This reaction produces some energy ((H=41kJ/mol). Hydrogen gas produced in this manner is useful in the industrial synthesis of ammonia and other chemicals. advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming. The reforming reaction takes place at high temperatures, making it slow to start up and requiring costly high-temperature materials. 4 Post author: Post published: February 22, 2022 Post category: cali burger elizabeth, nj menu Post comments: hamster behaviour before death hamster behaviour before death When natural gas whose main component is methane (CH4) is used, the following reaction thus takes place during steam reforming: (methane + water vapor carbon monoxide + hydrogen). "a!h?J,'Se;3WBJ)|s3SD}>;? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Electrolysis is a process that splits hydrogen from water using an electric current. Steam reforming of methane (SRM) makes valuable use of abundant natural gas efficiently. Probably the major use/advantage of Methane is that it is what we call "Natural Gas," and as such is a MAJOR fuel worldwide! Currently, 95% of global hydrogen is produced through a process of steam methane reforming (SMR) of fossil fuels, either coal or natural gas - referred to as 'grey' hydrogen. l Wiley, 2014. [16], In an effort to decarbonise hydrogen production, carbon capture and storage (CCS) methods are being implemented within the industry, which have the potential to remove up to 90% of CO2 produced from the process. Examples of catalyst shapes used are spoked wheels, gear wheels, and rings with holes (see: Raschig rings). {\displaystyle [2]\qquad \mathrm {CO} +\mathrm {H} _{2}\mathrm {O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm {CO} _{2}+\mathrm {H} _{2}\qquad \Delta H_{WGSR}=-41\ \mathrm {kJ/mol} }. Generally, when the reaction mixture contains carbon dioxide, we can indicate the product ratio of hydrogen gas: carbon monoxide as 1: 1. AIChE Journal; New YorkVol. Commercial hydrogen producers and petroleum refineries use steam-methane reforming to separate hydrogen atoms from carbon atoms in methane (CH 4 2). Autothermal reforming is a technique in which oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam reacts with methane, producing syngas. 2 0 obj<> These filter out by-products such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane down to a few thousandths. 16 0 obj ] advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming Posted by October 30, 2021 wellington phoenix players salary on advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming m However, we will add another important reaction to recover a little more dihydrogen using the carbon monoxide obtained previously: the Water-gas shift reaction (= catalytic conversion or vapor conversion of water): CO + H2O = CO2+H2. 3 The cost of hydrogen from electrolysis is more than three times that amount. <> components (methane and carbon oxides) at low temperatures, typically 673 at 823 K [=400 to 550C]. [16] Despite this, implementation of this technology remains problematic, costly, and increases the price of the produced hydrogen significantly. Hydrogen produced with nuclear energy may be called pink hydrogen or clean hydrogen, U.S. Energy Information Administration, 1000 Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20585, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). Conceivable sources of external heat include concentrated solar thermal energy, high-temperature nuclear reactors, or waste heat from internal combustion engines. The gas leaves this section with a sulfur content of less than 1 ppm and a temperature between 350 and 400C. C There are many different reformers in industries where autothermal reformer and steam methane reformer are the most common ones. Maps by energy source and topic, includes forecast maps. With carbon capture, the price would be $2. steam methane reforming (SMR) is the most widely used process to produce hydrogen, followed by other reforming methods such as coal gasification. 4 Autothermal reforming (ATR) uses oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam in a reaction with methane to form syngas. Research is underway to develop other ways to produce hydrogen and a few include: Hydrogen producers, marketers, government agencies, and other organizations might categorize or define hydrogen according to the energy sources for its production, and they use a color code to categorize hydrogen. J This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. wLzmDDb6&9\E\1KWW8-wvDDsL,xkG^J>k'JgU%e5"~}WicDz9"\[9'=D9Af$M[&VAcNg&c=l%YOr^gha,j$LD3.J G)AOxc 3O8u66b=A{9q^Kt7-%Mg9cH0Sn@ikAhEch6#hQ_IW4K;adfHS04jC;#B Lfkiv.+yi2_EYW~g?A*.v>bL1&iWZ@o !%PWl^k8aj@-uMUFs#7SkEwgofC\E1ZlN. When the ATR uses carbon dioxide the H2:CO ratio produced is 1:1; when the ATR uses steam the H2:CO ratio produced is 2.5:1. [15], Globally, almost 50% of hydrogen is produced via steam reforming. / [2], Chemical looping reforming and gasification, AIA: Software Analyzes Cost of Hydrogen Production Archives ASSEMBLY, Harvest Energy Technology, Inc. an Air Products and Chemicals Incorporated company, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methane_reformer&oldid=1089761406, This page was last edited on 25 May 2022, at 14:13. 6, What about the use of renewable resources in steam reforming? endobj Combination of partial oxidation and steam reforming. PScript5.dll Version 5.2.2 (Garcia 2015, p. 92 et seq. <> What is the role of steam reforming in fuel cells? Sign up for email subcriptions to receive messages about specific EIA products. father of philippine opera; carver high school columbus, ga football roster; robert cabal cause of death; is ukraine richer than russia; . This reaction takes place in a reformer vessel having a high pressure mixture of steam. Production of hydrogen by cyclic sorption enhanced reaction process, American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 5, Already around 70 percent of the hydrogen produced worldwide comes from steam reforming. / On a large, commercial scale, the process may be referred to as power-to-gas, where power is electricity and hydrogen is gas. '8Ul|@0,}6Xi#ZdsfjN |=E]B]fll;oVk\mi}u yRZyy?KNy){d#y^NJ"j5hKY8o Read more about this topic: Methane Reformer, If we help an educated mans daughter to go to Cambridge are we not forcing her to think not about education but about war?not how she can learn, but how she can fight in order that she might win the same advantages as her brothers?Virginia Woolf (18821941). Some additional reactions occurring within steam reforming processes have been studied. HWko__ 9 0 obj International energy information, including overviews, rankings, data, and analyses. O w5TP1vSv&>ny0>0t[f|wsSVo8En(}MtW#m-IaBk 3j. The first, at high temperature, is called HTS for high temperature shift with a catalyst in general Fe2O3-Cr2O3. The PSA works by adsorbing impurities from the syngas stream to leave a pure hydrogen gas. 2 xxSEv%+$&)SJ3. The main purpose of this technology is hydrogen production.The reaction is represented by this equilibrium: + + The reaction is strongly endothermic (H SR = 206 kJ/mol). ), Sorption-enhanced reforming (= reforming with improved sorption?) Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. <> The hydrogen is converted directly into electricity. Additionally, these shapes have a low pressure drop which is advantageous for this application. There are multiple types of reformers in development but the most common in industry are autothermal reforming (ATR) and steam methane reforming (SMR). uuid:b975d111-e89c-4425-8503-731ec5daef0b This is possible due to the partial oxidation of the hydrocarbon that takes place in parallel. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 2 The efciency of the steam reforming process is about 65% to 75%, among the highest of current commercially available production methods. !o.@BN'a)mM`w.`0N]}K~-F% (#\K4 #8eiYGku]-W0]u{#Z(wX!>#;$@-B%{p5R";&;jf:b. O There are many different sources of hydrogen and ways for producing it for use as a fuel. O H endobj + 1 What is steam reforming? R Natural gas, but also methanol, light gasoline, biogas or biomass are primarily used as carbon-containing fuels or energy carriers. The carbon oxides are removed before use by means of pressure swing adsorption (PSA) with molecular sieves for the final purification. As an alternative to fossil fuels, biomass can also be used for steam reforming. We use cookies to provide you with an optimal website experience. D 2015)] (I put in brackets, since we are talking about methane here), The first step consists in desulfurizing the methane, the catalyst being very sensitive to sulfur compounds. Steam methane reforming (SMF) is a chemical process where methane which is predominantly available in natural gas is reacted with steam under 3-25 bar pressure and high temperature (700C-1,000C) in the presence of a catalyst system. [14] The energy consumption has been reduced from 100 GJ/tonne of ammonia in 1920 to 27 GJ by 2019. 2 @media (max-width: 1171px) { .sidead300 { margin-left: -20px; } } Best Answer. 4 3. However, comparing the use of biogas and biomass with that of natural gas, there are several disadvantages compared to the fossil fuel. Two parallel reactions have been identified in steam methane reforming. <> The methane is then reacted with water at constant pressure and a temperature of between 800 and 900 degrees Celsius. [16][17], Autothermal reforming (ATR) uses oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam in a reaction with methane to form syngas. J endobj The reaction is represented by this equilibrium:[1]. A byproduct of the process is carbon monoxide, which, however, can also be converted into hydrogen. Advantages: Methane is a natural gas so it is a major fuel. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The procedure of alkylation has an advantage over other practices in this respect because it does not produce any aromatic compounds which is why it is favored in use over other reforming types. %PDF-1.5 Posted on July 3, 2022 by . The capital cost of steam reforming plants is considered prohibitive for small to medium size applications. Finally, the last contaminants must be removed (unconverted CH4, CO residues, etc. Come test out some of the products still in development and let us know what you think! Conventional steam reforming plants operate at pressures between 200 and 600 psi with outlet temperatures in the range of 815 to 925 C. 4 165 2 1 0 obj The cost of hydrogen production by reforming fossil fuels depends on the scale at which it is done, the capital cost of the reformer, and the efficiency of the unit, so that whilst it may cost only a few dollars per kilogram of hydrogen at an industrial scale, it could be more expensive at the smaller scale needed for fuel cells. Copy. 2 The key difference between steam reforming and autothermal reforming is that steam reforming uses the reaction of hydrocarbons with water, whereas autothermal reforming uses oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam in reaction with methane to form syngas. The efficiency of steam reforming (when natural gas is used) is about 60 to 70 percent.2". Reactions that are taking place in the reformer are as follows: 2CH4 + O2 + CO2 3H2 + 3CO + H2O. The key difference between steam reforming and autothermal reforming is that steam reforming uses the reaction of hydrocarbons with water, whereas autothermal reforming uses the reaction of methane with oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam to form syngas. <> 2010-05-05T17:24:31+02:00 Just another site. Advantages include reduced pressure drop and thus a reduced requirement for back . advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reformingray florets and disc florets are present in The product is named blue hydrogen when most of the carbon dioxide is captured and stored geologically. endstream endobj 64 0 obj <>/Encoding<>>>>> endobj 46 0 obj <> endobj 44 0 obj <> endobj 45 0 obj <> endobj 61 0 obj <>>>/Name(Headers/Footers)/Type/OCG>> endobj 51 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 1 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 4 0 obj <>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>/Pattern<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 20 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 27 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 31 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 34 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 208 0 obj <>stream Syngas reacts further to give more hydrogen and carbon dioxide in the reactor. The heat can go up to 1073K (=800C) to reduce the risk of carbon residue forming. The reaction is exothermic due to the oxidation. The purpose of this reforming reaction is the production of pure hydrogen gas. advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming. [24], There is also interest in the development of much smaller units based on similar technology to produce hydrogen as a feedstock for fuel cells. Reformers are devices useful in chemical synthesis of pure hydrogen gas from methane in the presence of a catalyst. This page was last edited on 9 February 2023, at 15:47. Methane is also the building foundation for hundreds of compounds which we use to make thousands of our products today. There are several challenges associated with this technology: Challenges with reformers supplying fuel cells, Chemical looping reforming and gasification, "A review and comparative evaluation of thermochemical water splitting cycles for hydrogen production", "Mathematical modelling and simulation of the thermo-catalytic decomposition of methane for economically improved hydrogen production", "Methane steam reforming, methanation and water-gas shift: I. Intrinsic kinetics", "The kinetics of methane steam reforming over a Ni/-Al2O catalyst", "Review and evaluation of hydrogen production methods for better sustainability", "Hydrogen Production Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)", "Fact of the Month May 2018: 10 Million Metric Tons of Hydrogen Produced Annually in the United States", "Vinder af VIDENSKABENS TOP 5: Hydrogen og methanol uden energifrs", "Explaining successful and failed investments in U.S. carbon capture and storage using empirical and expert assessments", "A Comparative Exergoeconomic Evaluation of the Synthesis Routes for Methanol Production from Natural Gas", "FUELS HYDROGEN STORAGE | Chemical Carriers", "Hydrogen Production: Natural Gas Reforming", "Wrtsil Launches GasReformer Product For Turning Oil Production Gas Into Energy", "Method of operating a gas engine plant and fuel feeding system of a gas engine", Fossil fuel reforming not eliminating any carbon dioxides, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_reforming&oldid=1138418416. Hydrogen production via Steam Methane Reforming graphic. Inside the tubes, a mixture of steam and methane are put into contact with a nickel catalyst. A kilogram of hydrogen obtained from natural gas costs just under two euros. 50 0 obj <>/OCGs[61 0 R]>>/Type/Catalog/PageLabels 44 0 R>> endobj 47 0 obj <>stream 3, First, the long-chain hydrocarbons are split to form methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Hydrogen produced from coal may be called brown hydrogen, and hydrogen produced from natural gas or petroleum might be referred to as grey hydrogen. These cookies do not store any personal information. What isAutothermal Reforming Reformers are devices useful in chemical synthesis of pure hydrogen gas from methane in the presence of a catalyst. {\displaystyle [1]\qquad \mathrm {CH} _{4}+\mathrm {H} _{2}\mathrm {O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm {CO} +3\,\mathrm {H} _{2}\qquad \Delta H_{SR}=206\ \mathrm {kJ/mol} }. <> 11 0 obj . 2 H <> 5. Reserves, production, prices, employment and productivity, distribution, stocks, imports and exports. 13 0 obj H By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. = breaking news kittanning, pa. true freshwater flounder; lululemon goals and objectives This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. S 3", The chemical reaction of steam reforming is endothermic, which means that it consumes heat. One of the idea to make natural gas reforming low emissions, is to capture the carbon from the PSA tail gas (ex: Reddy & Vyas 2009) and other flue gas emitted by the reformer (= carbon capture and stockage). / <> Biofuels and petroleum fuels are also potential hydrogen sources. In this technique, the most common feedstock is natural gas. The disadvantages include the need to clean the flue gases, that is, remove SO 2, O 2, as well as dust and hydrocarbons, because the presence of these substances can interfere with the operation of the absorber column [86]. different chemical techniques, each one with advantages and disadvantages with respect to cost/benefit ratio. having their own advantages and disadvantages. endobj (Garcia 2015, p.86). The key difference between steam reforming and autothermal reforming is that steam reforming uses the reaction of hydrocarbons with water, whereas autothermal reforming uses oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam in reaction with methane to form syngas. Financial market analysis and financial data for major energy companies. In addition, the production costs for steam reforming from biomass are very high. The main purpose of this technology is hydrogen production.

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