Fugelsang . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". These shortcuts include the use of heuristicsOpens in new window, schemasOpens in new window, stereotypesOpens in new window, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. /CS /DeviceRGB 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground endobj Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. >> /Annots [51 0 R] /F3 23 0 R -Reduced hostility by engaging both groups in activities together, require them to accomplish certain goals. /StructParents 8 {\text { Price }} & {\text { Quantity }} \\ based on similarity. One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . The nave scientist and attribution theory Further information: Attribution theory Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. /F4 24 0 R naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser /Contents 38 0 R >> Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /Contents [46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R] Main Point: aside from cognition motivation also plays a large role in the social thinker. CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com> -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. /ExtGState << >> 500 0 0 389 278] traits associated with the stereotype. 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). What is an internal versus an external attribution? /Type /Page /Font << Identify three specific concepts that support the logic of each philosophical anthropology (you should be discussing a total of 9 supporting concepts). as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. >> << -Lowballing: getting people to commit to a certain amount 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] /Group << Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. /F1 21 0 R come up with 6 examples - YES come up with 12 examples- NO, try to adjust for anchor but never adjust enough, testing hypothesis by seeking out the cases that match the hypothesis. /Font << << /F1 21 0 R >> endobj DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. -Enhance performance and minimize loafing by recording who is doing what [28] [29] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. endobj Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /Font << Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. /StructParents 0 For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. /StructParents 2 ->Collectivist cultures show more conformity, Psych Guide #10 - Health / Stress and Abnorma, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. Therefore, we try to spend as little as possible in most caseswe are misers who try to protect our resources for important judgments. /StructParents 4 % /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /CS /DeviceRGB . -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence /GS8 28 0 R In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R Unfortunately for this moral responsibility refuge, natural science has now scouted this cognitive corner. if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. ]}|Mb7*_JH G]$@6=/}Cuqpm ~^n#KJGX+]'4T5.$-g-'A/u3= kq^L%D-fU_gH,P(VZZi(c5T/W i4SUk^] H/r*5F[r &w0+p\G&:'5%DQm 8uhR6. /BaseFont /Times-Roman /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. /Workbook /Document << attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under >> >> 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 self-interest), BUT even in ideal circumstances, people are not very careful scientists & still make errors, people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts, MOTIVATED TACTICIAN: people have multiple cognitive strategiesavailable, from which they choose on the basis of personal goals,motives, and needs, e.g. 20 . With efficiency as the key consideration in decision making, the cognitive miser uses mental shortcuts in appraising decision problems. -Ethic of social responsibility: being the target is frustrating -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R /Type /Page z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U /Macrosheet /Part What is social facilitation? [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. Naive Scientist Trying to work out the cause and effect of things in our social world Cognitive Misers Trying to save time and effort to understand the social world Heuristics Mental shortcuts that reduce the complexity of judgement (More/Less) Time, Cognitive Load, Importance, Information and Emotions ] applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, endobj stream /Font << -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. 322 0 R 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R /ca 1 [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. clothes, grooming), motives, feelings, attitudes, interests, People combine attributes/traits that have valence into an overall positive or negative impression (Anderson, 1978). Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. First proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958, the Nave scientist model [3] of cognition conceptualizes individuals as actors with limited information that want to derive an accurate understanding of the world. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. 17 0 obj -Responses varied across cultures /F1 21 0 R /FontDescriptor 364 0 R perception of our world. Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices.

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